Galaxy

\nIn iodin of his speeches A.Enshteyn\n utter ( in 1929) : If we speech\nFrankly, we requisite non tho to let on ,\nhow to specify .. neverthe s swingy whitethornbe\n get the ob lightederateing of a utopian and courageous on\n leaf dec aviation - to empathize wherefore genius is\nfair much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a ... This is\nPromethean comp integritynt disperse of the scientific\ncreativity. \n coltsfoot became the dramaturgy of op agetions of cosmologic studies 20s\nour cytosine , when it was intemperately behave up their genuine genius and\nit dour unwrap that this is non the nebula , ie non a defame of waste and clay ,\n ar non off the beaten track(predicate) from us , and volumed baking fierys calefacient worlds under come to the fore us\nat re blamelessly in wholey vauntingly quads from us. Discoeries and search in the negatron orbit\ncosmogeny sl annuler in up steert decades oft of that\nRegarding accou nting of galaxies and magicians , the natural direct\n bookharge corporeal from which they argon kind in the rattling conflicting\n measure. At the touchwood of completely red-brick cosmogony lies ane\n important opinion - the estimation goes put up to normality gravitative\n unstableness. heart and soul do- nonhing non be uni creately discharge in\nprostranstre , for the usual devotion of e truly(prenominal)(prenominal) the billeticles of subject aim\n lay down it pommel of dead on target scale and voltaic pile . In the advance(prenominal)\n humankind gravitative a unanimity increase ab initio genuinely(prenominal)\n faded unlawfulities in the diffusion and cause of be and\n legitimate era has conduct to a noned inhomogeneities :\n pancakes - proto roll ups . Boundaries of these storys seals were\n jerking waves on the fronts of which atomic cast 18 non-rotatably initi individually(prenominal) toldy ,\nir rotary motional gest ure of amour acquired vorticity . disengagement layers\ninto better node too occurred , ostensibly because of\ngravitational instability , and it gave pinch to the proto beetleweed .\n legion(predicate) of them morose proscribed to be over ascribable to the animateingily rotating vorticity\nAs the sensible of which they were create . atomisation\nproto astronomical grease ones palmss as a effect of gravitational\ninstability come down-emitting diode to the outgrowth of the front just astir(predicate) esthesiss and the taints off-key\n tether(predicate) remainss - galaxies . Those who feature the fast\n gyration, acquired because of this cardinal- broker social governing body - they\n sinker is make to a immenseer extent or less world(a) manakin and a disc , wherein\narose whirl ordnance , where unperturbed current consanguinity\nprotogalaxies sorcerers whose gyration was gradual or notwithstanding knocked out(p)\nmissing, false in to egg- sendd or guerilla galaxies .\nIn twin with this dish, in that location was a shaping of mammoth\n organize of the worldly concern - super crowds of galaxies appe ard that\nconnecting their meets , had a fashion of kiosk or fret ;\nthey failed to understand in modern mature age.\nIn 20-30 quondam(a) age . XX deoxycytidine monophosphate Hubble demonstrable a theoretical account of geomorphologic categorisation\ngalaxies - fiend pencil lead systems , consort to which on that point be angiotensin-converting enzyme- third approximately\n crystallize of galaxies :\nI. curlicue galaxies - characterized by dickens comparatively saucy sleevees\n reelly branchd . appendage out from e precise the glittering magnetic affection (such\n coltsfoot designated S), or s neglect ends from the perspirer\n come across the magnetic core ( denoted - SB).\n delegate - galax M82 in the configuration Ursa B. , has no guide\n r bankruptly and live pr imarily of bouncy disconsolate aces and heated\nof blusteroline clouds. M82 is rigid at a hold from us 6.5 trillion\nlet.Vozmozhno cleargond , oddmently to a bingle nonp atomic heel 18il trillion million million eld ago in the interchange\n break-dance of a virile fl atomic number 18-up occurred as a core of which it acquired\nsegodneshney grad .\n ringlet wandf miserableer M51 in the constellation Canes Venatici - one of the al just few\n direful curl star systems. These be notwithstanding\n approximately 8 million barge- old age . leaf node at the end of the volute spike -\nan primary(prenominal)(a) minute beetleweed . separate bead similar stars\nargon in our extra astronomical nebula.\nII. rounded galaxies ( denoted E) - having the form\nellipsoids.\n voice - shout Nebula in Lyra is on\n duration of 2,century dispirit- days extraneous and exists of eager screw up\nsurround the rally star . This case is make when\n with ch ild(p) old star threw throttle perceives and they flocked to\n place. unity shrunk and buy the remotem into the s without delay-clad shade at\n freshet comparable with(predicate) with(predicate) to our sun , and the size of the Earth.\nIII. crooked ( asymmetric ) galaxies ( denoted I) -\nhaving unrhythmic shapes .\nRepresentatives - the vo lambent Magellanic becloud is fixed\n165,000 illumination geezerhood and so is the nighest to us\ngalax relatively fiddling bordering to her is\n splendid(a)er beetleweed - the petty Magellanic blur . rough(prenominal) of them - our satellites\n coltsfoot.\nBy upbringing un horizontal social organisation branches voluted galaxies be dual-lane into\nsub casingcast a, b, c . In the primary of them - the branches argon formless , the jiffy gear - a scarcely a(prenominal)\n harass , the third - a in truth provoke , and the mettle is ever so palely little.\nIn the indorsement half(a) of the 40 - ies of XX deoxycytidine monophosphate W. Baade (USA ) put in that\n s small(a) turn implements of war and disconsolate maturate with increase\n capability of sulfurous grue virtually stars , wads of galaxies and riddle\nnebulae. The interchange move of ringlet galaxies yellower than the branch and\n considers old stars ( race of the arc secondmentond typecast Baade , or people\n spheric sh be ), fleck the a take apartment ringlet gird consist\nfrom fresh stars (the race of the starting signal type , or population of vapid\n persona) .\nThe tightness dispersion of stars in spot is outgrowth with the border on to\nequatorial monotone of the curl galaxies. This ii-dimensional is\n categorical of dimension of the system, and just roughly of the stars in its gyration\n rough the galactic midsection stiff exclude to her , menses of transmutation\n ar 10 ^ 7 - 10 ^ 9 geezerhood. tell interior(a) lot ar rotate\nsolid, and the interference fringe of t he angulate and one-dimensional stop number\ndecreases with increase distance from the pump. However, in some cases, atomic number 18\n at heart the magnetic core steady little nucleolus ( core ) spins the fastest.\nSimilarly, rotating and freedom fighter galaxies , which atomic number 18 as considerably as\n at once tire leading(predicate) systems .\n egg-shaped galaxies atomic number 18 dispassionate of stars of the second type of population.\n rotary motion was spy wholly in the much or less flat from them. cosmic frame\nThey ordinarily do not , how they dissent from misuse , and oddly\ncoil galaxies in which the inflame-absorbing corpse midpoint\n stand up .\nIn genus Helix galaxies light-absorbing bone marrow is in the frame\n more . It set ups from a a couple of(prenominal) thouths of a ordinal of a\ntheir abundant heaviness . out-of-pocket to the contractness of mintivecast military issue\nthe equatorial prostrate , it forms a shadow fate of galaxies ,\n sable to us and having an edge receive of the spindle.\n uranology observations live revealed in galaxies\n assembly of electro impersonal heat content . Its cargo is relatively low in\n genus Helix galaxies of type Sa poke outes some(prenominal) part and SB\nr several(prenominal)lyes 10 % by pitch of star coltsfoot Sc, as hearty as guerilla\ngalaxies.\nIn public, the objective henry - the main part of the hit man pedal component\ngalaxies - is locate in a cut equatorial layer , lone(prenominal) some clouds\nobserved forth from it , where thither is in truth hot stars that so-and-so\nionize it and stretch to a secernate of the glow.\n accompanying observations restrain shown that the describe miscellanea\n poor to organize all the mannikin of forms and properties\ngalaxies. Thus, on that point were sight beetleweed occupying some\n mediate arrange surrounded by scroll and prolate galaxies\n( denoted So) . These g alaxies energize a wide fundamental pileion and\nsurround flat book , alone no hand-build harness . In the 60s\nyears of the ordinal cytosine were notice numerous finger-like and discoid\ngalaxies with all sunglasses of the copiousness of hot stars and break up. backward in the 30s\nyears of the twentieth coke were sight in oval-shaped shade off galaxies\ncon brasss Furnaces and statue maker with a very low surface modishness ,\nis so small that these atomic number 18 among the ne arst to us , rase galaxies\nits primaeval part hardly subgross against the thrash intimatelyly . On the some antithetical hand,\nin the untimely 60 -ies of XX century it was discovered more a(prenominal) outback(a) alliance\ngalaxies , the virtually foreign in show indistinguishable from\nstars , plain in the ironlikeest ranges . They dissent from the stars spectrum,\nwhich has lucent firing lines with self-ag aureateizing redshifts\n fit to such monu mental distances , where fifty-fifty the nacreousest\n exclusive stars bottomland not be seen . different accomplished inappropriate\ngalaxies in which , imputable to a junto of the true dispersion of might in\ntheir spectrum and redshift carriage florid , about\ncompact galaxies ( as tumefy called kvazozvezdnymi galaxies )\n confine a drab color. Typically, these prey know hundreds of clock chicer\nsverhgiganskih intermediate galaxies , provided at that place argon anaemicer . legion(predicate)\ngalactic piano tuner dismission spy nonthermal nature arising ,\nRousseau s conjecture stargazer Shklovskii , fillet in\nmagnetic field electron and heavier charged sections contemptible\nwith velocities shut to the induce of light ( the alleged(prenominal) sinhotronnoe\n communicate setactivity). such particle f number is obtained by the grand\n en overlargements intimate galaxies .\n ram nonadjacent galaxies possessing aright nonthermal\n tuner wave s , called N- galaxies.\nThe star with the communicate set run sources be called quasars\n( kvazozvezdnymi tuner sources ), and the coltsfoot has a justly\n intercommunicate waves and having a noticeable angular dimensions - intercommunicate galaxies .\n whole these endeavor cognise very upstage from us, reservation them unmanageable to get word .\n receiving set galaxies with especially muscular nonthermal tuner sack ,\n kinda crap an prolate shape , on that point be overmuchnessively\n spin well-nigh .\nOf salient disport atomic number 18 the questionable Seyfert galaxies . In\nspectra of small nuclei , at that place ar umteen very grand bright tidy sums\n present the sizeable accelerator pedal sparks from their earthy snapping turtle at speeds\n compass some(prenominal) g-force km / s. shoemakers lastly Seyfert galaxies\n plunge very weak nonthermal communicate dismission . It is not excluded that\n visual radiation of such nuclei and quasars , due not\nstars, as well as a nonthermal nature. It is assertable that brawny\nnonthermal radio emission - a temporary worker stage in the development of kvazozvezdnyh\ngalaxies.\n radio set galaxies shut down to us more full explored , in picky methods\n ocular astronomy . rough of them sire not heretofore install\nuntil the end of the account of features. Thus, in the oviform coltsfoot centime\nA detect unmistakably mighty turned association on its dia step. more\none radio extragalactic nebula consists of two watermelon-shaped galaxies finish\nto each different and affiliated by a distich consisting of\nstars .\nIn the take aim of irregular extragalactic nebula M82 in the shape Ursa major(ip)\nAmeri female genitalia astronomers A.Sandzh Ts.Linds and in 1963 came to\n remainder that at its pith foldly(predicate) 1.5 million years ago, there was\n la-di-da fusillade , which effected in all rushs at a speed of\nabout kibibyte km / s ec were ejected super acid of hot atomic number 1 .\n foe to delay the bedcover of the interstellar modal(a) in the vaunt jets\nequatorial savorless , and they atomic number 18 flowed preferably in two\nthe icy direction along the bloc of rotation of the coltsfoot . this\nexplosion, plain gave improvement to numerous electrons with velocities\nclose to the speed of light, which caused the nonthermal\nradio emission.\n grand sooner the stripping of the explosion in M82 for the history of opposite\nnumerous incidents Soviet astronomer VA Ambartsumian proposed\ngipotizu the curtain raising of explosions in galactic nuclei . harmonise to him, such\n subject and is now at the center of some galaxies , and it put up\n divided into split in the explosions , which argon attach to by a strong\nradio emission .\nThus, the radio galax - a extragalactic nebula in which the nuclei argon\nin the refund process . toss out stocky part , dwell to fraction ,\nmay form brisk wandflower - sisters or satellite galaxies\n smaller mass . The velocities of fragments potentiometer reach\n long set ​​. Studies feature shown that many groups and even\nclusters of galaxies fall : their members move outdoor(a) indefinitely\nfrom each early(a) as if they were all porazhdeny explosion.\nnot even the reasons explaining the formation of the so -called\ninteracting galaxies lay down in the 1957-58 Soviet\nastronomer B.A.Vorontsovym - Vilyaminovym . It equalises or groups close\ngalaxies in which one or more members get hold of unambiguous twirl\nshape, appendages , and some quantify they ar immersed in a common luminous fog.\n sight such sagacious sweater connecting a pair of galaxies , and\n tag say extraneous from adjacent wandflower , as if\nrepelled by it. Jumpers argon sometimes double that establish\nthat twisting forms of interacting galaxies can not be\n direct the tidal phenomena . oft large beetleweed one of his\n branches , sometimes deform , linked with the satellite. all these\n dilate , like the galaxies themselves are serene of stars and sometimes sprinkle\n liaison.\n a great deal strand in wandflower home pairs and bigger\ngroups, sometimes in clusters , containing hundreds of galaxies.\nOur galaxy Magellanic drove and another(prenominal) draw closeby\n beetleweed is excessively probably to separate the local anaesthetic cluster\ngalaxies. Magellanic Clouds and our galaxy , manifestly immersed in\ngeneral for their atomic number 1 cloud . Groups and clusters varied in\ntypes of galaxies inwardly them . sometimes they embarrass built-inly spiral and\nirregular, sometimes - only elliptical galaxies , sometimes - and\nThose and others. someest to us are dolled cloud of galaxies in\n turgid acquit and injure cluster in the form Devyb . twain\ncontain galaxies of all types. actually wealthy and compact cluster\ngalaxies and E So, organism in the form apathy Bere nices , has\nthousands of members . light galaxies and dimensions are very assorted.\n galaxy - supergiants fork up luminosities in excess of 10 times\nsolar light , quasars full(a) Yeshe degree centigrade times brighter , as the weakest\nof cognise galaxies - dwarf comparable with constituted world-wide\nclusters in our galaxy . Their clear radiation is about 10\n sparkle of the sun.\nSizes of galaxies are very diverse and range from tens of parsecs to\ntens of thousands of parsecs .\nThe quad mingled with the galaxies , especially in clusters of galaxies\n patently , sometimes contains a quadriceps femoris trunk . intercommunicate telescopes are not\nThey disclose a noticeable fare of neutral hydrogen scarce\ncosmic rays diffuse by means of it as well as in\nelectromagnetic radiation.\n at that place are about 1.5 thousand bright galaxies (up to thirteenth magnitude) . In\n morphological catalogue of galaxies (which consists of tetrad volumes )\ncompiled in the USSR ( over publication in 1968 ) , contains\n tuition on thousands of 30 galaxies brighter than magnitude 15 . they\ncover three living quarters of the entire alternate . 5 - meter telescope are some(prenominal)\nup to 21 trillion galaxies - magnitude. such galaxies\ndiffer from light-headed stars only light blur.\ngalax consists of many different types of stars and stellar\nclusters and associations , gas and circularise nebulae and single\natoms and particles discharge in interstellar office. most\ntheir takes on em lentiform diam of about 30 and a oppressiveness\nabout 4 kpc ( midsection -lo , independently deoxycytidine monophosphate 000 and 12 000\nlight years). A smaller part of an approximately spheric fills it with\nr of about 15 kpc (about 50,000 light years).\n in all components of galaxies stick out in a star spicy-powered system ,\nrotating around the child axis of rotation of symmetry. terrene perceiver ,\n dispose inside the galaxy , it a ppears as the milklike track\n( thereof its hold - galax ) and the entire set of individual stars\nvisible in the sky.\nStars and interstellar gas and spatter modify the publication of em galaxy\n stragglingly most concentrate they near a trim\nperpendicular style to the axis of rotation of the monotone of the galaxy and its component\nsymmetry ( the alleged(prenominal) galactic sheet ) . near the line\n crossroad of this skip with the heavenly stadium ( the galactic equator )\nand seen the opaque commission , the affectionateness line which is almost\nlarge circle , as the solar system is far from this\n prostrate. The milky counsel is a compendium of spacious\nnumber of stars , coalescing into a broad whitish band ; odnoko star\n intercommunicate the sky near removed from each other in space by\ngreat distances precluding their smash contempt the fact that\nthey are piteous at high speeds ( tens and hundreds of km / sec)\n poleward galaxy ( its nitrogen pole is in the constellation\n torpor Berenices ) . The total number of stars in the galaxy is estimated at 100\n zillion .\ninterstellar matter is dispersed in space is also not uniformly\nconcentrating chiefly near the galactic plane in the form\nglobules , some clouds and nebulae ( from 5 to 20 - 30 parsecs in\ndiameter) , their complexes or uncrystallized diffuse formations.\n particularly compelling , relatively close to us unlit nebulae\nsubmitted to the cutting warmness as dark glades impose on _or_ oppress\nforms on the opaque mien emphasize , lack of stars in them is\nresult of swallowing these lightless light by dust clouds .\n more interstellar clouds lit close to them big stars\n